Superfamily
Cynipoidea (Gall wasps and allies)
Heteroecus melanoderma. Photo: (c) David Greenberger, some rights reserved (CC BY-NC-ND)
The Cynipoidea are a moderate-sized hymenopteran superfamily that presently includes five modern families and three extinct families, though others have been recognized in the past. The most familiar members of the group are phytophagous, especially as gall-formers, though the actual majority of included species are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids. They are typically glossy, dark, smooth wasps with somewhat compressed bodies and somewhat reduced wing venation. It is common for various metasomal segments to be fused in various…
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